Effect of farnesol on intracellular glutathione levels and viability in CA and cdr1 in the presence and absence of exogenous glutathione following 3 h and 18 h exposure to increasing farnesol concentrations
FIGURE 4 This is complicated because as a polar, charged tripeptide, transport of GSH is significantly inhibited by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), thus limiting effective delivery to brain-resident immune cells such as microglia which are central drivers of neuroinflammatory pathology ( As many treatments for neurological conditions have been hampered by limited permeability of the BBB, significant emphasis has been placed on research directed towards advanced drug delivery methods ( More targeted CNS uptake has been attempted by conjugating polymeric nanoparticles with ligands like transferrin or lactoferrin ( As a combined medicinal treatment for viral infections such as COVID-19 or influenza, administration of GSH or NAC in conjunction with established anti-viral treatment has been found to improve lymphocyte response, reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduce cellular oxidative injury ( As a pharmacologic therapeutic, optimizing the efficacy of GSH and minimizing its unintended effects means it is crucial to determine the correct timing, dose, and disease context ( In addition to being a therapeutic target, oxidative stress has been shown to decrease the GSH:GSSG ratio which has proven useful as a clinically accessible, pharmacodynamic biomarker of immune redox tone for conditions such as malignancy ( GSH has also shown promise as a redox-based biomarker for neurodegenerative disease states
Kucher AN, Koroleva IA, Nazarenko MS
Research has shown increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1 and 2, along with their downstream targets, including c-Fos, c-Jun, and Egr-1, which are molecules involved in cell growth, migration, and angiogenesis
Core antioxidant role GSH participates in the detoxification of peroxides and other reactive species through enzyme systems such as glutathione peroxidase, thereby helping protect cellular lipids, proteins, and DNA from oxidative damage
* Improve post-workout recovery
